Square One - From logic gates to 16-bit OS

Square One is a virtual computer built from scratch, starting from the logic gates and CPU to an assembler and compiler, whilst at the very high level Java is implemented-

Architechture

Logic Gates (path: /gates)

Logic gates are the lowest level point from which this project is implemented. They are written in Verilog and then simulated using iverilog on a dedicated testbench, and any FPGA simulator will actually work. See Resources for an online 16-bit FPGA simulator. Most of the gates also have a 16-bit version and eventually a n-way version (some even n-way-16-bit).

Ex: a 4-way mux gate: ''' 'include "mux.v"; 'include "or4way.v";

module mux4way(out, i0, i1, i2, i3, sel0, sel1); input i0, i1, i2, i3; input [3:0]sel; output [3:0]out; wire tmp0, tmp1, tmp2, tmp3;

wire [3:0] [1:0] sel0 = sel;
wire [0:3] [1:0] sel1 = sel;

not(notSel0, sel0);
not(notSel1, sel1);

and(tmp0, i0, notSel0);
and(tmp1, i1, sel0);
and(tmp2, i2, notSel1);
and(tmp3, i3, sel1);

or4way(out, tmp0, tmp1, tmp2, tmp3);

endmodule '''

Predefined gates (path: /gates/predefined)

The predefined gates are by default implemented on Verilog/Systemverilog. Thus they are not strictly needed for building more advanced gates or chipset, but I still decided to add them as reference and learning purposes.

Testbenches (path: /testbenches)

Testbenches are a way to test the implementation of a particular gate using a Verilog compiler

Ex: testbench for a xor gate: ''' 'include "gates/predefined/xor_gate.v"

module xor_tb(); reg ta, tb; wire ty;

xor_gate dut(y, ta, tb);

initial begin
    ta=0, tb=0;
    $monitor("IN: %b, %b ",ta, tb, "OUT: ",y);
    ta=0, tb=1;
    $monitor("IN: %b, %b ",ta, tb, "OUT: ",y);
    ta=1, tb=0;
    $monitor("IN: %b, %b ",ta, tb, "OUT: ",y);
    ta=1, tb=1;
end

endmodule '''

Arithmetic Logic Unit (path: /alu)

The ALU is written is Systemverilog (such as the CPU and other complex components). It handles 16-bit values and performs numerous operations, as:

Usage

Resources

• Online Verilog Compiler: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/compile_verilog_online.php
• Online FPGA Simulator: https://simulator.nirajmmenon.com/